May 9, 2018
Political theory of Islam
In recent years, the relation between Islam
and state has gained more attention after some organizations claimed to
establish an Islamic State. So, what is the political theory of Islam? The
general mistake that many scholars make is reducing religion to a role that is
solely based on faith and as a guide to the after-life. This interpretation is
completely inconsistent with İslam and Judaism. In Christianity, it is also
inconsistent but a few scholars believe the law of the old testament has
completely vanished. But in general, politics cannot be separated from these
religions. Islam has its own politic theory. This theory is completely
consistent with the old testament and some parts of the new testament (Mark,
Matthew, Luke and John; letters of Paul in the new testament includes many
inconsistencies). There are just a few differences in crimes and punishments
between the Quran and the Bible. In this article, I will try to show the
political theory in Islam only with respect to the Quran because the practice
of Islam includes too many different applications that are inconsistent with
each other. Using religion as a tool for political aims has always been common.
Hence, the theory of Islam explained in the Quran has been ignored in time. My
methodology may be perceived as unusual. Articles about religion are generally
written without methodology and solely based on their personal representations.
In this way, sources like the Quran and the Bible become tools for supporting
an idea. What this article does is completely different. I will just use quotes
from the Quran to express what it says. I will just summarize ideas and compare
them with different views. I have used general translations of the Quran.
Generally, translations are same, just a few of them are discussed and I
mentioned if there is a different view about them. Firstly, the most
significant thing to be clarified is the understanding of God in Islam. Without
understanding God, nothing can be understood. God in the Quran will be
explained in the first part. The main person of Islam is prophet Mohammad. The
authority of Mohammad in religion is very significant. In Islam, prophets have
limited authority. His authority will be explained in the second part. Then, we
will look at the importance of the individual and the community in the Quran.
In the fourth part, divine authority in politics and how much laws in the Quran
are important and their changeability in time will be explained. Then, in part
five, we will look at the legislative. After that executive will be explained. At
part eight we will look at the economic system. Then women in religion, society
and state will be discussed. At part nine, just war and slavery will be
explained.
1. God in
Islam:
This can be seen out of topic but it is at the
heart. God in Islam is at the center of everything. According to the Quran, as
is going to be explained, even prophets have limited authority. In Islam, God
controls everything. He determines everything except freewill but some living
creatures have free will as he has wished it so (76.30). God is the main character
and he is active in life. People are cured, fed, kept alive, created by him.
God helps believers, hears their prayers, sees and knows everything. People may
have anything thanks to God. Victory in war is also dependent on God. Everyone
is a servant of God. In the Quran, there are lots of verses about how God
manages universe and the Quran stresses his power, compassion and wisdom. Stars
move, bees make honey because God orders them to do so (7.54-16,68). “It is
Allah who erected the heavens without pillars that you [can] see; then He
established Himself above the Throne and has subjected the sun and the moon,
each running [its course] for a specified term. He arranges [each] matter; He
details the signs that you may, of the meeting with your Lord, be certain.”(13.2).
God measures everything.: “Glorify the Name of your Lord, the Highest, Who creates and proportions,
Who determines and directs..”(87.2-3)
As the universe is directed, people are also directed.
The Quran asks: “Does man think that he will be left neglected?”(75.36)
According to the Quran, people have to obey God as the
universe does.
2. Islam and religion
in Islam
What is Islam and
what is religion in Islam. Firstly, the concept of “religion” is different from
general understanding of the term in Islam. When we call religion, people
understand the term as “ ethical and spiritual system which relates to cultures
and geographies.”. So, religion is understood as a part of geographic or
national identity or something heritage from ancestry. Conservative people
think that they should strongly defend their culture and identity and therefore
they defend their religion. So, religion is a part of culture in general
understanding. On the contrary, this term has a quite different concept in
Islam. Religion is the ultimate identity, ultimate guidance and something
should be at the core of people’s lives. According to Islam life is created to
uncover good and bad people(67.2). Good people will gain the ultimate purpose
that is ultimate salvation and bad people will deserve massive pain. Good
people are the people who follow the guidance of the religion and bad people
are the people who don’t follow the way of religion.
The essence of the Human is worshiping
only God and acceptance of ultimate authority over sky, earth and social and
individual life (51.56-7.2). So, the purpose our existence is the following the
right path and surrender to God. That means religion is the meaning and purpose
of life and we can’t limit it as just something like ethnicity. Furthermore, according
to Quran, essence of human being is religion (30.30). It means that religion
something constructs a clear mind.
The world Religion is also used refers to
law in Quran (12.76). Quran sees law of the king of Egypt at joseph’s time as a
religion. So, surrendering to God includes social laws of him. So, we can
clearly say that religion is the ultimate purpose of life and that is a
guidance which orders how people live. Religion interferes lots of things: It
orders how to pray, behave, even walk and talk (17.37, 31.19), how to divorce
or get married and what to eat etc. .
Islam means
surrendering to only God and being slavery of only him. Islam not the religion
came with Mohammad. According to Quran all prophets and their followers were
Muslims (who are surrendered to God)(2.131-133, 2.136 etc.). Furthermore any
religion(consider how quran uses term) will not be accepted by God(3.85).
Not only are Human Muslims Muslims but all
creatures also can be Muslims(3.83). So, surrendering to God is also character
of nature because everything obeys his laws in nature.
As a result,
religion is something guide life in many ways and Islam is a character of
nature and something ordered from people.
3. Prophet in
Islam
In Islam, (same for old testament and
synoptic gospels) a prophet is the person who gets a message from God and
expresses them to the people. The Quran says: Say,
“I am only a human like you; it is inspired in me that your God is One God. So
be upright towards Him, and seek forgiveness from Him.And woe to the idolaters.’’(41.6)
They are
also a role-model. They are also leaders of believers. The Quran says: You have an excellent example in the Messenger of God;
for anyone who seeks God and the Last Day, and remembers God frequently.(33.21) Authority of prophets are limited according to the
Quran. They don’t have authority to prohibit anything. The Quran directly says
that: “O prophet(nabi)! Why do you prohibit what God has permitted for you,
seeking to please your wives? God is Forgiving and Merciful.”(66.1)
It can be
easily seen that according to the Quran, prophets are like all other people who
are responsible for the book and his authority is also limited by the Quran. This idea is not true according to many Sunnies: they
think that prophets can make laws in religion. But they don’t have any evidence
in the Quran and this is not consistent with the general message it holds,
because the Quran orders all the people and its’ appliers (such as Mohammad) to
obey the Holy book. If they were right, there would be a verse that said ‘obey
what the prophet says’ is not mentioned in the book or the Quran would have ordered
Christians and Jews to obey not only the Bible but also different books.
The Quran orders the prophet “Indeed,
We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth so you may judge
between the people by that which Allah has shown you. And do not be for the
deceitful an advocate.”(4.105)
4. The
basis of the state:
The basis of the state is one
of the most debated areas in political philosophy. Some thinkers like Plato
firstly start to think on the state to reach the ideal system. In these views, a
state is superior and has ultimate authority over people. In Plato, almost
everything is determined by the state. A system does not focus on the person;
but the community. The Quran mainly rejects this idea. A community could be
good not because of its system of a state but because of every person who lives
there. A community could be good because of each person and bad because of each
person. “God does not change the condition of a community until they(each of
them) change what is within themselves” (13.11).
Being a citizen of a community or family
does not guarantee anything. One of the evil character mention in the Quran is
the pharaoh of Egypt. But his wife is seen as a Muslim(Quran 66.1) . The father
of Abraham is seen as a bad character (Quran 3.75). The son of Noah is seen as
a bad character as well(Quran 11.43). The wife of lot(a prophet) is also seen
as a bad character(Quran 29.33). It clearly shows us that being a citizen of a
community does not say anything about being good or being bad. To establish a
good community good people are needed. Because of that, The Quran mainly talks
about being a good person. There are a few communal laws in the Quran but liberty
is given importance as well. As a result,
a good community is mainly a product of good people. In community all different
religions can live together but some communal laws should be decided according
to the Quran.
In Islamic community Muslims have deeper
relations with each other: The Believers, men and women, are protectors one of
another: they enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil: they observe
regular prayers, practise regular charity, and obey Allah and His Messenger. On
them will Allah pour His mercy: for Allah is Exalted in power, Wise(9.71). This kind of a deep relation
can be only between Muslims and it is forbidden to get such a relation with
anybody who believes in a different religion (Quran, 3.28). Furthermore, not
only deep but also any good relation with an unbeliever is forbidden if he/she
fights against Islam. But a relation between believers and others should be
like this: “Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you
because of religion and do not expel you from your homes - from being righteous
toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act
justly.” (60.8). So, in the community religion is significant. But in law,
they are completely equal: punishments are same, Muslims have no superiority.
In Islam, if something is not prohibited
it means people are free to do it. Islam guarantees freedom of speech: “And
the servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth easily, and
when the ignorant address them [harshly], they say salaam(it means
ignorance of people)”(25.63). People are also free to choice their
religion: “There shall be no compulsion in the religion. The right course has become
clear from the wrong. So whoever disbelieves in Taghut(anything who claim
authority over God) and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy
handhold with no break in it. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing.” (2.256)
“And say, "The truth is from your Lord, so whoever
wills - let him believe; and whoever wills - let him disbelieve." Indeed,
We have prepared for the wrongdoers a fire whose walls will surround them. And
if they call for relief, they will be relieved with water like murky oil, which
scalds [their] faces. Wretched is the drink, and evil is the resting place.”(18.29)
5. Divine authority and its flexibility:
Whether Muslims have to apply divine
authority or not is highly debated. Even if this is regarded as a new problem
according to the Quran, the Jews discussed the same thing. Furthermore, almost
all thinkers including every sect in Islam and philosophers of Islam and
Christianity: God is all knowing and all good, so the best rules are the rules
of God that we have in the book. Descartes says that the state that is ruled
with God’s laws is the ideal state and cannot be compared to any law that is man-made
(Descartes 49). The Quran is quite clear
about this topic. The Laws of God are unquestionable and must be applied at any
time, in any case. Any authority who orders people in a different way is
thought to be cruel or an unbeliever. About this topic, there are more than
twenty verses but I will just mention a few of them. In here, firstly, the
Quran talks about the Jews who don’t apply the rule of God then stresses how
they are wrong then God suggests the prophet and the believers what to do.
“But how is it that they come
to you for judgement while they have the Torah, in which is the judgement of
Allah ? Then they turn away, [even] after that; but those are not [in fact]
believers.
Indeed, We sent down the Torah, in which was guidance and light. The
prophets who submitted [to Allah ] judged by it for the Jews, as did the rabbis
and scholars by that with which they were entrusted of the Scripture of Allah,
and they were witnesses thereto. So do not fear the people but fear Me, and do
not exchange My verses for a small price. And whoever does not judge by what
Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the disbelievers. And We ordained for them
therein a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an
ear, a tooth for a tooth, and for wounds is legal retribution. But whoever
gives [up his right as] charity, it is an expiation for him. And whoever does
not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the wrongdoers. And We sent, following in
their footsteps, Jesus, the son of Mary, confirming that which came before him
in the Torah; and We gave him the Gospel, in which was guidance and light and
confirming that which preceded it of the Torah as guidance and instruction for
the righteous. And let the People of the Gospel judge by what Allah
has revealed therein. And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed -
then it is those who are the defiantly disobedient. And We have revealed to you,
[O Muhammad], the Book in truth, confirming that which preceded it of the
Scripture and as a criterion over it. So judge between them by what Allah has
revealed and do not follow their inclinations away from what has come to you of
the truth. To each of you We prescribed a law and a method. Had Allah willed,
He would have made you one nation [united in religion], but [He intended] to
test you in what He has given you; so race to [all that is] good. To Allah is
your return all together, and He will [then] inform you concerning that over
which you used to differ. And judge, [O Muhammad], between them by what Allah
has revealed and do not follow their inclinations and beware of them, lest they
tempt you away from some of what Allah has revealed to you. And if they turn
away - then know that Allah only intends to afflict them with some of their
[own] sins. And indeed, many among the people are defiantly disobedient.”(5.43-49)
Even if Lily Zakiyah Munir says in her
article “Islam and Politics”, Islam is not directly about politics and state,
these verses clearly show that Islam is not only a kind of book of morality but
also it has a political role with its law system.
As a result, all
people have to adjudge among people with respect to the Quran.
6.
Legislative:
In Islam, laws of the Quran are unchangeable
and not flexible. There are strict laws and punishments. The Quran has laws about
even International relations or war law. War theory of Islam will be explained
under a different title. About International agreements the Quran orders:
“Except for those who
take refuge with a people between yourselves and whom is a treaty or those who
come to you, their hearts strained at [the prospect of] fighting you or
fighting their own people. And if Allah had willed, He could have given them
power over you, and they would have fought you. So if they remove themselves
from you and do not fight you and offer you peace, then Allah has not made for
you a cause [for fighting] against them.(4.90)”
We can
mainly say that the Quran orders only a few punishments: Killing a person,
Fornication, theft, slander. For other crimes, the Quran has a principle of
talion. But, generally except this principle, people are free to make laws in the
time period. People are free to make any law to get the order in a community
like traffic lights or using the drug while driving or customs laws. The main
criterion is that they have to be even not mentioned in the Quran and they
should not contradict with the criterion of the Quran(like freedom of speech or
principles will be mentioned in a new title in the article). Human-made laws
are changeable. So, a human can make laws about topics which not mentioned in
the Quran.
7. Executive:
According
to the Quran, prophets were sent to judge among people with the law of God.
Religion is not just an individual guidance but also communal. According to the
Quran, There was only one community in the beginning then prophets came and
govern to fulfill peace with the laws of God. The Quran says: “Mankind was
one community; thereafter Allah raised prophets as bearers of glad tidings and
warners, as He sent down the Book With truth that He may judge between mankind
in that wherein they disputed. And none differed therein save those unto whom
it was vouchsafed after the evidences had come to them, out of spite among
themselves; then Allah guided those who believed unto the truth of that
regarding which they differed, by His leave. Allah guideth whomsoever He
listeth unto a path straight.”(2.213)
To
understand that we first need to power of the prophet as a leader of the
community. First of all, we need to look at how the Quran determines the
authority of the prophet. The Quran uses two different words for the prophet,
one is Nabi second one is rasul. Nabi refers to a person whose worth has been
increased by God with the message when rasul refers to messenger and applier of
the message. So, first one is about directly person when second refers his
mission.(Islamandquran, rasul and nabi)
The
real question is where their authority starts and ends.
Firstly, they have to do anything in the book: “So adhere to what is revealed to you. You are on a
straight path.”(43.43) According
to Quran prophet or anybody must not do anything against Quran even if it is
wanted by all over the world: “And We revealed to you the Book, with truth,
confirming the Scripture that preceded it, and superseding it. So judge between
them according to what God revealed, and do not follow their desires if they
differ from the truth that has come to you.”(5.44)
Quran
orders obeying Resul(applier of Quran) many times. But it does not mention
people have to obey nebi. So, prophets own decisions are questionable in Islam.
Islam orders prophet to consult people. “So by mercy from Allah, [O Muhammad], you were lenient
with them. And if you had been rude [in speech] and harsh in heart, they would
have disbanded from about you. So pardon them and ask forgiveness for them and
consult them in the matter. And when you have decided, then rely upon Allah .
Indeed, Allah loves those who rely [upon Him].”(3.159)
The Quran orders same thing
for all people:
“And those who have responded
to their lord and established prayer and whose affair is [determined by]
consultation among themselves, and from what We have provided them, they spend.”(42.38)
So, a leader should consult
people. The Quran does not order democracy, aristocracy or monarchy. Every
system can be acceptable if the leader is good and laws are Islamic. Good
leader in Islam is equal to good person in Islam who is afraid of God and loves
God, just, far away from the sins, who prays, donates and forgives a lot,
wisdom, doing and suggesting good and being against evil etc. the Quran also
explains bad leader with the example of king of Egypt in Moses’ time. Main
features of this king were those: He claimed full authority, he divided people,
killed children and used women of specific groups.(28.3-4)
The Quran stresses the importance of justice
many times. There are lots of verses. One of them is: “O you who have believed, be
persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in justice, and do not let the
hatred of a people prevent you from being just. Be just; that is nearer to
righteousness. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is Acquainted with what you do.”(5.8). There are more than twenty
verses explain the importance of justice. Thereby, the first criterion of a state
is justice in Islam. The Quran orders to obey decisions of leaders. If somebody
doesn’t think same about decision should be made with respect to God and
Messanger(or message): “O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the
Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything,
refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allah and the
Last Day. That is the best [way] and best in result.”(4.59)
This can be easily seen the
authority of any person ends if what he does contradicts with Quran. And any
person can question leaders. Anything contradicts with the Quran can not be
acceptable: “Have you not seen those who claim to have believed in what was
revealed to you, [O Muhammad], and what was revealed before you? They wish to
refer legislation to Taghut(any thing which claims authority over God), while
they were commanded to reject it; and Satan wishes to lead them far astray.(4.60)”.
This can be easily said that in Islam Laws and Judiciary are superior.
Leaders decisions are under control of Islamic Lawyers whether decisions are inconsistent
with the Quran. Caliphate is not mentioned in Quran in politic context. Quran
does not order such thing and uses the word in a different meaning(bayındır 83).
Furthermore, Immunity does not seem applicable because people are fully equal
for the law. People should also avoid slander. For those, people should firstly
inquiry the claims.(49.6)
Ancestry does not determine anything in
society. Being a part of a nation or being a son of an important person does
not give any privilege to be the leader of the community: “And [mention, O
Muhammad], when Abraham was tried by his Lord with commands and he fulfilled
them. [ Allah ] said, "Indeed, I will make you a leader for the
people." [Abraham] said, "And of my descendants?" [ Allah ]
said, "My covenant does not include the wrongdoers."(2.124)
In many countries, the most important thing is views of majority.
Leaders mind majority and decide with respect to their wishes. But in Islam,
majority does not mean anything. According to the Quran, majority is on the
wrong path: “And if you obey most of those upon the earth, they will mislead
you from the way of Allah . They follow not except assumption, and they are not
but falsifying.”(6.116)
Majority does not mean the truth but
reason shows the truth. The majority of people does not use their reason and
they move on the wrong path: “And it is not for a soul to believe except by
permission of Allah, and He will place defilement upon those who will not use
reason.”(10.100)
Head of the "Center for Pesantren and
Democracy Studies" Lily Munir says in her article that I have mentioned:
the Quran have principles in the executive. These are shura(consult), justice,
freedom, and equality. This view is consistent with the Quran.
8. Economy
Islamic economic system tries to minimize
inequity. The Quran mentions a tax system(zakah) that is given by rich people: “Zakah expenditures are only
for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect [zakah] and
for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves]
and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the [stranded]
traveler - an obligation [imposed] by Allah . And Allah is Knowing and Wise. “(9.60)
Every person who can give this tax must
give it. The Quran orders other donations but only the zakah is mandatory.
Islam does not have a strict economic character with the state except in the
framework of interest. Interest is strictly forbidden by the Quran:“O you
who have believed, fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of
interest, if you should be believers. And if you do not, then be
informed of a war [against you] from Allah and His Messenger. But if you
repent, you may have your principal - [thus] you do no wrong, nor are you
wronged.”(2.278-279)
In Islam, the state exists to
abolish inequity, ensure security and ensure justice. There is no more
mechanism about the state explained in the Quran.
9. Women
in Islam
Many people think that women are not equal
to men in Islam. This is a completely wrong idea. There is nothing forbidden to
women but not to men. Women are equal to men. They can be a part of life like
men are. If they were not capable of being so, there would have been a
prohibition in the Quran. According to the Quran: “The believing men and
believing women are allies of one another. They enjoin what is right and forbid
what is wrong and establish prayer and give zakah and obey Allah and His
Messenger. Those - Allah will have mercy upon them. Indeed, Allah is Exalted in
Might and Wise.”(9.71)
Whoever does righteousness,
whether male or female, while he is a believer - We will surely cause him to
live a good life, and We will surely give them their reward [in the Hereafter]
according to the best of what they used to do.(16.97)
Main criticisms of the idea of equality
exist in the Quran are 282. Verse of 2. Chapter, 34. Verse of 4. Chapter, 11.
Verse of 4. Chapter. The first criticism is in the Quran about the witness of
debt issues “And bring to witness two witnesses from among your men. And if
there are not two men [available], then a man and two women from those whom you
accept as witnesses - so that if one of the women errs, then the other can
remind her.”(2.282).
But this adjustment is just
for debt issues, and about other witness issues there is no need for ‘a reminder’.
Furthermore, This can be made to strengthen justice because women are not
always familiar with debt issues(Islamoglu 96). Or it could exist to protect
women because debt issues can be dangerous at the end and women can be hurt
easier. But in any case that does not mean that men are superior(Bayındır 391)
The second critique is about the 34. Verse
of the 4. Chapter. According to classic interpretation that verse shows men can
beat their wives if they do something quite immoral. And according to first
sentence of verse, men are superior. But both are quite questionable. Many
scholars find this translation wrong. The translation should be like this: (islamandquran
does god permit beating wives): “Men shall carefully protect and maintain
women because God has granted each (party) some superior characteristics over
the other (party), and because they (men) spend out of their possessions (to
maintain women). Thus righteous women are obedient (to God) and guard
themselves in the absence of witnesses in return for God’s protection. As for
women whose leaving you fear, give them advice/say kind words to them, and
leave them alone in the bed, and let them dwell
(there). Then if they willingly obey you, do not seek another way
against them. God is Exalted, Great.” (4:34)”
The third critique is about heritage
according to the Quran when a person dies, the rights of his/her son are
equivalent to two of those of a woman’s (4.11). But this is not against justice
because when men get married they are responsible for providing his wife
mehr(money given to women when getting married) and let her into his house and
fulfill her needs.
In Islam, women have the right to divorce
men (Bayındır 369). She needs to pay him ransom because before marriage, men
pay the mehr:
“But if you fear that they
will not keep [within] the limits of Allah, then there is no blame upon either
of them concerning that by which she ransoms herself. (2.229)”
10. War
in Islam
According to the Quran, Prophets come to
their community and explain the religion and they warn them about the afterlife
again and again. But the prophets don’t fight them if they don’t attack. Most
of the prophets lived in their society even if they didn’t believe and they did
not fight against them until they attacked them. For example, Abraham was
expelled from his country and lived elsewhere (19.46). According to the Quran,
as I have mentioned, people are free to choose their religion.
According to Quran, Muslims should only
fight who fight against them, they should not attack without any reason (2.190).
Every verse in Quran should be understood with these principles: “Would you not fight a people
who broke their oaths and determined to expel the Messenger, and they had begun
[the attack upon] you the first time? Do you fear them? But Allah has more
right that you should fear Him, if you are [truly] believers.(9.13)”
As a result, attacking when
there is not a threat is always unacceptable according to Quran
Jihad is a common term which refers to organizations
who fight to spread Islam. But it is not true according to Quran. Jihad is to
struggle for God. There are mainly three ways to do it. First is trying to call
people to the Quran which is the biggest one(25.52). Second way and third ways
are fighting against people who fight against you, or to donate money or property
for Islam(49.15). Being a Jihadist is mandatory for Muslims.(Karabudak, Islam Savas Hukuku)
11.
Slavery
In Islam, there is no way to enslave a
free person. Slaves of that time were released with some verses.(4.92, 58.3).
Captives of war cannot be considered as slaves because captivity is not
permanent. The people are obliged to release them.
“So when you meet those who
disbelieve [in battle], strike [their] necks until, when you have inflicted
slaughter upon them, then secure their bonds, and either [confer] favor
afterwards or ransom [them] until the war lays down its burdens. That [is the
command]. And if Allah had willed, He could have taken vengeance upon them
[Himself], but [He ordered armed struggle] to test some of you by means of
others. And those who are killed in the cause of Allah - never will He waste
their deeds.(47.4)”
Muslims should be helpful toward
captives “And they give food in spite of love for it to the needy, the
orphan, and the captive,”(76.8)
According to some scholars, Muslims may
have a relationship with captive women without marriage but the Quran does not
include such a right.(Islamandquran, battle and captives) This is a shameful
application for history. In Islam, there is no way to have a relationship
without marriage as fornication is a crime in Islam.
The Quran says: “And do
not compel your slave girls to prostitution, if they desire chastity, to seek
[thereby] the temporary interests of worldly life. And if someone should compel
them, then indeed, Allah is [to them], after their compulsion, Forgiving and
Merciful.(24.33)”
Works cited
1) Bayındır,
Abdülaziz. ‘’ Nabi and Rasul According to the Quran and Traditional Islam’’
12,2014, http://www.islamandquran.org/research/nabi-and-rasul-according-to-the-quran-and-traditional-islam.html
2) Munir,
Zakiyah Lily. ‘’Islam and Politics’’ ,
http://www.lfip.org/laws718/docs/lily-pdf/ISLAM_AND_POLITICS.pdf
3) Bayındır,
Abdülaziz. ‘’ Testimony of Women’’ 10, 2009,
4) Bayındır,
Abdülaziz. ‘’Beating Wives- or Restoring Their Rights to Divorce Men?’’
10,2017
5)
Karabudak, Gürkan. ‘’ Islam Savas Hukuku ’’ 01, 2017,
6)
Karabudak, Gürkan. “Allah'ın indirdiğiyle
hükmetmek meselesi ve hükmetmemenin durumu” 04, 2018
http://rationaldescription.blogspot.com.tr/2018/04/allahn-indirdigiyle-hukmetmek-meselesi.html
7)
Descartes, Renatus. ‘’Yöntem Üzerine Konuşmalar’’,
Kabalcı Yayınları, 2013
8)
Islamoğlu, Mustafa. ‘’Iman’’, Düşün
Yayıncılık, 2001
9)
Bayındır, Abdülaziz. ‘’Kur’an Işığında Doğru
Bildiğimiz Yanlışlar’’, Süleymaniye Vakfı Yayınları, 2014
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